![]() The relationship between cognitive bias and respectively addiction ESs was not significant. Meta-regression analyses revealed significant inverse relationships between risk of bias and effect sizes for addiction outcomes and craving. ![]() Risk of bias was high or uncertain in most trials, for most criteria considered. Results for addiction and craving did not differ by substance type, sample type, delivery setting, bias targeted or number of sessions. Follow-up addiction outcomes were reported in 7 trials, resulting in a small but significant effect of CBM, g = 0.18 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.32). Results were similar for alcohol and smoking outcomes taken separately. At post-test, there was no significant effect of CBM for addiction, g = 0.08 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.18) or craving, g = 0.05 (95% CI -0.06 to 0.16), but there was a significant, moderate effect on cognitive bias, g = 0.60 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.79). We identified 25 trials, 18 for alcohol problems, and 7 for smoking.
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